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Sunday, December 31, 2023

BBC Sound Of 2024: Soul sensation Elmiene kicks off the countdown - BBC.com

By Mark SavageBBC Music Correspondent

Sarah Louise Bennett / BBC Elmiene performs at the BBC's Maida Vale studiosSarah Louise Bennett / BBC
The 22-year-old was studying creative writing and envisaging a career as a security guard before music came calling

Like his heroes Prince and D'Angelo, Elmiene is immersed in the history of soul.

Growing up in Oxford, he devoured the classics studying liner notes and tracing connections between his favourite artists.

Schoolfriends made fun of his tastes, calling him an "oldhead" who was out of touch with the grime scene of the mid-2010s.

"My mates would be listening to a record and I'd recognise the sample, like: 'Yo, that's Dionne Warwick!'

"And they'd be like, 'Who are you talking about?'

"It made me feel a bit to the left of everything that was going on."

But his obsession eventually paid off.

After going viral with a cover of D'Angelo's Untitled (How Does It Feel) in 2021, he was endorsed by Missy Elliot, Pharrell Williams and Questlove.

Rushed into a studio, one of the first songs he wrote, Golden, was hand-picked by the late fashion designer Virgil Abloh, and previewed at his final show for Louis Vuitton.

Since then, the musician has released two EPs, steeped in the smooth vocals and poetic lyrics he soaked up as a teenager, while co-writing for Stormzy and jamming in the studio with Timbaland and Justin Timberlake.

Now, he's been voted into fifth place on BBC Radio 1's Sound Of 2024 - chosen by a panel of more than 140 critics, DJs and musicians.

Not bad for someone who, just two years ago, had only written one song.

Pierre Girardin ElmienePierre Girardin
The British-Sudanese artist titled his first EP "El-mean" to explain how his name should be pronounced

"I wrote a song for my GCSE music course and I was like, 'That's not really my thing'," he laughs.

"It became a joke amongst my friends. Everyone was like, 'Yo, you could be stacking it, it but you're sitting there on the couch playing Street Fighter!'"

But in another sense, he'd been preparing for this career his whole life.

Born Abdala Elamin, he was nicknamed "the Michael Jackson kid" after performing a mash-up of Man In The Mirror and Adele's Skyfall in his year seven music class.

"At the time, I had a little afro and I was one of, like, four black kids in the school, so that became a big part of my personality," he recalls.

"The whole school would stop me and go, 'Sing for us!' It was a weirdly demanding label to have."

He didn't know it then, but the experience of being "school famous" was going to be advantageous.

In 2021, Elmiene was happily studying creative writing at Bournemouth University, with a job as a security guard waiting for him in Oxford after graduation.

Then, one of his housemates filmed him singing D'Angelo in the back garden.

Unhappy with his performance, he asked her to delete it - but she insisted it was worth posting online.

By the time he woke up the next morning, the world had "gone crazy".

"There were messages from labels. Missy Elliot had retweeted it. I was like, 'OK, this is a possibility.'"

D'Angelo's ghost

Before long, he was in the studio, testing his songwriting skills for the first time. Paired up with a producer called Dan Hylton, he walked in with one simple demand.

"I said to Dan, 'I want to have a crack at a conventional song. Like, verse, chorus, hook - a normal song'."

The song they came up with was Golden, based on a poem Elmiene had written the previous year about his Sudanese grandmother.

"She always told me about her golden years in Sudan, back in the 1950s, the dog she used to have and all of that stuff. So it's all about nostalgia and looking back.

"I remember me and Dan walked out of the studio to the chicken shop, and we were still humming the melody. Dan was like, 'That's the sign of a good song.'"

Pierre Girardin ElmienePierre Girardin
The musician is part of a new wave of British R&B that's also given birth to Mahalia, Ella Mai, Sekou and Cleo Sol

Even so, Elmiene was "really nervous" about playing it to anyone. "It seemed too intentional an attempt at writing a song," he says.

Fate decided otherwise.

The song came to the attention of Louis Vuitton's musical director Benji B, who played it at Virgil Abloh's final show for the fashion label, two days after his death from cancer, at the age of just 41.

Elmiene's lyrics stopped the audience in their tracks. His reflections on a "miraculous" life from someone whose "blades have been blunted", seemed to encapsulate the beauty and tragedy of Abloh's life.

"That was a mad, fateful coincidence," says the musician. "But from there, the song ended up taking it's own wings.

"People usually ask if that was a daunting feeling, but for me it was confirmation I was doing something right."

Further confirmation came three weeks later, when he played his first proper concert with a band.

With only a few original songs to his name, he was suffering from pre-stage jitters, then something inexplicable happened.

"I got out, stumbled through the first song, and started singing a cover of Bilal's Soul Sista. That's my song, I know it back to front, and I kind of went into a trance.

"And that's when I saw D'Angelo's ghost in the corner of the room."

He still can't quite explain it. For one thing, D'Angelo isn't dead. But the vision felt like an affirmation.

"I thought back to all of his records that I loved, especially the live ones, and I was like, 'This is it. Right now, I'm on the stage [like] he was'. And that let me fly off. The feeling was incredible."

Def Jam / Polydor ElmieneDef Jam / Polydor
Elmiene has worn an Afro comb since his schooldays, making it part of his trademark look

Other artists would get swept up in the moment, chasing the first flush of success. Elmiene is different. Softly-spoken and reflective, he deliberately took a year out before releasing a follow-up to Golden.

"That was my manager's advice," he says. "They were like, 'You've had this lightning in a bottle moment but, when things like this happen, you have to take it in slowly and discover what made the lightning strike in the first place.' So that year was a very important year."

'Such a loverboy'

He used that time to develop his song-writing, developing an unabashedly intimate soul sound, built around quiet percussion, mellow pianos and his deep, mesmerising voice.

But it was also a time of confusion and recalibration. The two EPs he released in 2023 were all about gearing up for the changes his life was about to go through.

"Those songs are there to remind me of who I need to be, as I move on to what's next."

Having studied the greats, he's aware of the pitfalls of fame, but insists "I have faith in myself".

Paraphrasing an Anderson .Paak lyric - "You said I changed, but I didn't do all this stuff just to stay the same" - he says transition doesn't have to be negative.

"You will change, that's something I've accepted, but it's all about how you change."

The same philosophical optimism underpins his music. Even on his current single, Someday, he turns a break-up into a motivational message: "Someday, I want to love like the love I had with you".

Such an unabashedly romantic outlook separates Elmiene from his musical ancestors.

Is he mindful that Prince and Usher's hyper-sexualised lyrics would play badly in 2024?

"I'm just not that kind of guy," he laughs. "Like, Joe is my favourite R&B artist ever and his music's all about sex and passion, but it never crosses my mind to make those kind of songs.

"Everybody's like, 'Oh, you're such a loverboy' and I'm like, 'Yeah, 'cos I'm not into all that other stuff'.

"I'm more romantic. I'm more Donnie Hathway or Stevie Wonder. I'm not Rick James."

Elmiene was chosen for the BBC Sound of 2024 by a panel of 149 music critics, broadcasters, festival bookers and previous nominees Jorja Smith, PinkPantheress and Tom Grennan. The rest of the top five will be announced this week.



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Workplace phrases that make you sound inauthentic - Fast Company

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Workplace phrases that make you sound inauthentic  Fast Company

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Xi Jinping uses new year message to sound warning to Taiwan - Financial Times

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Saturday, December 30, 2023

Mystery of Exceptional Sound at Greece's Epidaurus Theater Solved - Greek Reporter

Theater Epidaurus sound
The Theater at Epidaurus. Credit: Hansueli Krapf /Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0

The ancient mystery of the great sound quality at the ancient Greek theater of Epidaurus has finally been solved, researchers posit in a recent study.

Scientists have been wondering about the high sound quality of Epidaurus’ theater for decades, developing certain theories along the way.

The ancient theater of Epidaurus was designed by Polykleitos in the 4th century BC. The original thirty-four rows were extended in Roman times by another twenty-one rows. It seats up to fourteen thousand people.

The theater is admired for its exceptional acoustics, which permit almost perfect intelligibility of un-amplified spoken words from the proscenium to all fourteen thousand spectators, regardless of their seating.

Some even claim that audiences are able to hear a pin drop or a match being struck from any seat in the house.

The theater, renowned for its extraordinary acoustics, is one of the best conserved of its kind in the world. It is still used for musical and poetical contests and theatrical performances.

Sound at the theater of Epidaurus improved by limestone

Over the years, several theories were developed in order to explain the phenomenon, both by academics and amateurs.

Some of these theories suggest that prevailing winds carried sounds, or that masks amplified voices.

Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have discovered that the limestone material of the seats provides a filtering effect, suppressing low frequencies of voices and thus minimizing background crowd noise.

Furthermore, the rows of limestone seats reflect high frequencies back towards the audience, enhancing the effect, noted Live Science.

“When I first tackled this problem, I thought that the effect of the splendid acoustics was due to surface waves climbing the theater with almost no damping,” said mechanical engineer Nico Declercq. “While the voices of the performers were being carried, I didn’t anticipate that the low frequencies of speech were also filtered out to some extent.”

It is astonishing, however, that the Greek builders of the theater probably did not understand the principles that led to the exceptional audibility of sound from the stage.

The Greeks’ misunderstanding about the role the limestone seats played in Epidaurus’ acoustics likely kept them from being able to duplicate the effect.

Later theaters included different bench and seat materials, including wood, which may have played a large role in the gradual abandonment of Epidaurus’ design over the years by the Greeks and Romans, Declercq said.

Others dispute the sound quality

The Guardian reports that research conducted by Constant Hak, the assistant professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and his team, suggests such assertions are little more than Greek myth.

In a series of conference papers, which also involved experiments at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus and the theatre of Argos, Hak and his colleagues describe how they tested the claims.

They used twenty microphones, placing each one at twelve different locations around the theater of Epidaurus together with two loudspeakers—one at the center of the “stage”—or orchestra—and one to the side.

Both speakers played with a slight delay between them a sound that swept from low to high frequency with the speakers in five different orientations. In total, they made approximately 2,400 recordings.

The team then used the data to calculate sound strength at different points in the theater.
They then made a series of laboratory recordings of sounds, including a coin being dropped, paper tearing, and a person whispering, and played them to participants, who adjusted the loudness of the sounds until they could hear them over background noise.

The results were then fed into the team’s calculations to reveal how far from the orchestra the different sounds would be heard.

While the sound of a coin being dropped or paper being torn would be noticeable across the whole theater, it could only be recognised as a coin or as paper halfway up the seating.

For a match striking, the situation was worse, while a whisper would only be intelligible to those in the front seats.

Further work, based on the loudspeakers playing voices, revealed that only when actors spoke out loudly would their words be intelligible in the seats furthest from the orchestra.

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Sound-Reactive Light Saber Flips Allegiance Via Vowel Sounds - Hackaday

Students [Berk Gokmen] and [Justin Green] developed an RP2040-based LED-illuminated lightsaber as a final project with a bit of a twist. It has two unusual sound-reactive modes: disco mode, and vowel detection mode.

Switching allegiances (or saber color, at least) is only a sound away.

Disco mode alters the color of the saber dynamically in response to incoming sounds. Color and brightness are altered in response to incoming frequencies picked up by the on-board microphone, making a dynamic light show that responds particularly well to music.

The second mode is vowel detection, and changes the lightsaber’s color depending on spoken sounds. The “ee” sound makes the saber red, and the “ah” sound turns it blue. This method requires a lot of processing and filtering, and in the end it works, but is quite dependent on individual speakers for calibration.

The sound functionality centers around FFTs (Fast Fourier Transforms) which are fundamental to processing signals like audio in a meaningful way, and is a method accessible to embedded devices like microcontrollers with ADCs.

The lightsaber is battery-powered and wireless, and there are loads of details about the finer points of the design (including challenges and tradeoffs) on the project page, and the source code is available on GitHub. A video demonstration and walkthrough is embedded below.

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Which synth was used to create the Seinfeld slap bass sound? None of them, it turns out - MusicRadar

Join us for our traditional look back at the news and features that floated your boat this year.

Best of 2023: Considered one of the greatest sitcoms of all time, Seinfeld is also synonymous with slap bass. You may recall that a somewhat synthetic example of the sound was used to underscore Jerry’s opening monologue and to create the show’s between-scene audio transitions, and proved divisive to say the least.

On first listen, you might think that this was just a preset from an ‘80s synth. The names of the Yamaha DX7 and Korg M1 have both been put forward in the past, while others have speculated that it was the 360 Systems MIDI Bass that provided the sound. However, when this last instrument was suggested by Robotussin on Instagram, who should pop up to provide a correction but Seinfeld soundtracker Jonathan Wolff.

“I never owned any product from 360 Systems,” he confirmed. In fact, it turns out that the Seinfeld bass sounds were “Frankenstein-engineered from multiple sampled bass guitars using sample edits, compression, EQ, phase manipulation and gain staging.”

Digging a little deeper into the phase manipulation (after providing a "nerd warning!") Wolff says: "I selected a narrow frequency (filtered obviously through a separate bus), reverse-phased it and (slightly flanged, delayed, and detuned to avoid cancellation) added it off-center back into the mix. Full stereo, it looked weird on a scope but had little audible effect. However, when summed mono, it created a sharp nasal edge to the bass."

Clever stuff, but why in the archive E! News report above, then, does Wolff appear to be playing the sound on a Kurzweil synth?

“I triggered the notes using a keyboard controller, which (to nice folks viewing interview videos of me working) is sometimes confused with the actual source,” Wolff explains. "No synth for you."

Wolff has actually revealed some of this information before, also confirming that the slap bass licks changed episode on episode to fit with the beats of the monologue. And, as he told Mel Magazine in 2021, the sound itself evolved, too.

“It got to the point that the peeps in my office would leave me little sampled bass sounds when they had a minute and got weird sounds out of it,” Wolff explained. “I’d often incorporate them into Seinfeld cues, so in that way, it stayed fresh, while evolving to become a little more aggressive, more nasal, more weird.”

Weird it certainly was - so much so that, at the end of Season 1, the network wanted it changed for Season 2. Wolff suggested to co-creator Larry David - who loved the theme - that he should accept this and let him compose something more conventional, but David was having none of it, going so far as to throw Wolff out of a meeting in which the music was being discussed.

“I was like, ‘Look, there are other things on this list, choose your battles. Give ‘em this one, and then you’ll win a few others,’” Wolff remembers. “But Larry wasn’t having it. He started up, ‘Wolff, what are you saying? You’re done here! Out!’” 

The slap bass stayed in the picture, then, and has since transcended Seinfeld via its use in countless mash-up videos and memes. "I actually like seeing young musicians incorporating samples from my work. Fun," says Wolff.

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Al Michaels throws shade at Astros after trash-can banging sound heard during 'Thursday Night Football' - Fox News

Al Michaels has been criticized for over a year now for his seemingly lackadaisical calls on "Thursday Night Football," but this week he proved he can still hit 100 on the radar gun.

During the second quarter of the Cleveland Browns-New York Jets matchup, an odd sound could be heard in the background.

Clearly, it caught the attention of Michaels.

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Al Michaels at Titans-Steelers

Al Michaels looks on from the sideline prior to an NFL football game between the Tennessee Titans and the Pittsburgh Steelers at Acrisure Stadium on November 2, 2023, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Cooper Neill/Getty Images)

The longtime play-by-play announcer said someone was pounding on a trash-can.

It was the perfect queue for a joke in sports that will never go away.

"Somebody's pounding on that trash can, I think the Astros must be in town," he said.

Of course, the Houston Astros notoriously banged on trash cans to steal signs and tell batters what pitch was coming in real time throughout the 2017 season.

The practice allegedly helped them win their first World Series in franchise history.

Altuve and Bregman

Jose Altuve, #27, and Alex Bregman, #2, of the Houston Astros celebrate on the field after the Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in Game 7 of the 2017 World Series at Dodger Stadium on Wednesday, November 1, 2017, in Los Angeles, California.  (Rob Tringali/MLB via Getty Images)

ESPN BROADCASTER PAYS HOMAGE TO LEGENDARY YANKEES ANNOUNCER AT END OF PINSTRIPE BOWL

Then-Astros pitcher Mike Fiers was the whistleblower in November 2019, and a few short months later, MLB suspended manager A.J. Hinch and general manager Jeff Luhnow - Astros owner Jim Crane fired them both.

Alex Cora was also suspended for his role, while the scandal also cost Carlos Beltran his managerial job with the New York Mets before he even filled out a lineup card in spring training.

Rumors have swirled that the Astros adopted further practices in 2018 and 2019 to continue stealing signs, including Jose Altuve wearing a wire when he hit a walk-off home run to send Houston to the 2019 World Series, but those were never proven.

No players were suspended, as MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred granted them immunity in exchange for the truth, a move he has since expressed regret for.

Houston won the 2022 World Series, and this season marked their seventh-consecutive trip to the American League Championship Series, one year shy of the all-time MLB record set by the Atlanta Braves in the 1990s.

Evan Gattis at WS parade

Evan Gattis, #11 of the Houston Astros, is introduced during the Houston Astros Victory Parade on November 3, 2017, in Houston, Texas. The Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers 5-1 in Game 7 to win the 2017 World Series.   (Tim Warner/Getty Images)

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It was quite the pull from Michaels, who hasn't called baseball since 2011, and not full-time since the mid-1990s. But he was on the call for the 1989 earthquake in the Bay Area during that Fall Classic.

Follow Fox News Digital’s sports coverage on X and subscribe to the Fox News Sports Huddle newsletter.

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Friday, December 29, 2023

It's getting quieter in Puget Sound and easier for orcas to find dinner - KUOW News and Information

Orca conservation groups are thanking commercial ships and other big vessels for slowing down around endangered southern resident killer whales.

They are asking vessels to voluntarily reduce their speeds in a section of Puget Sound where orcas are often present. It’s a 22 nautical mile long stretch that reaches from Port Townsend to Edmonds and Everett. Researchers believe this area is where killer whales are most likely to spend their time when in Puget Sound.

caption: A map of the slowdown area.
Enlarge Icon

Rachel Aronson is the director of Quiet Sound, the group that organized the slowdown. She says the propellers of large ships create a lot of noise.

“When the propeller spins, it creates teeny little bubbles, and the explosion and collapse of those bubbles is called cavitation, Aronson said. "That cavitation can be surprisingly loud in the frequencies that killer whales need to echolocate, and communicate.”

Organizers are asking large vessels to reduce their speeds by 30-50%. Container vessels, vehicle carriers, and cruise ships are asked to drop speeds to 14.5 knots, while tankers and bulkers are asked to slow to 11 knots in the slowdown area. Aronson said when vessels slow down to a target speed, it can reduce underwater noise pollution by 45%.

Aronson said reducing noise pollution in the Sound is crucial to orca survival. Orcas use echolocation to locate their prey and communicate with each other.

“We call orcas 'acoustic specialists.' They live underwater, they can't see as far as we can see on land. Sound is a much more important sense for them," Aronson said. “It helps me to think about sound pollution, like a thick fog that might block the whale from seeing with its hearing senses.”

caption: SMRU science consultants and Gravity Marine staff assemble a hydrophone to monitor noise pollution during the Quiet Sound slowdown.
Enlarge Icon

Last year, Quiet Sound launched a trial of the slowdown. About 70% of vessels transiting through the slowdown area decreased their speed. This year 4% more boats dropped their speeds.

The slowdown period is slightly longer this year — Oct. 12, 2023, to Jan. 12, 2024. According to data from last year’s trial slowdown, underwater noise intensity was reduced by nearly half, about 3db.

Scientists plan to pull noise monitoring equipment out of Puget Sound in February to analyze this season’s data.

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It's getting quieter in Puget Sound and easier for orcas to find dinner - KUOW News and Information

Orca conservation groups are thanking commercial ships and other big vessels for slowing down around endangered southern resident killer whales.

They are asking vessels to voluntarily reduce their speeds in a section of Puget Sound where orcas are often present. It’s a 22 nautical mile long stretch that reaches from Port Townsend to Edmonds and Everett. Researchers believe this area is where killer whales are most likely to spend their time when in Puget Sound.

caption: A map of the slowdown area.
Enlarge Icon

Rachel Aronson is the director of Quiet Sound, the group that organized the slowdown. She says the propellers of large ships create a lot of noise.

“When the propeller spins, it creates teeny little bubbles, and the explosion and collapse of those bubbles is called cavitation, Aronson said. "That cavitation can be surprisingly loud in the frequencies that killer whales need to echolocate, and communicate.”

Organizers are asking large vessels to reduce their speeds by 30-50%. Container vessels, vehicle carriers, and cruise ships are asked to drop speeds to 14.5 knots, while tankers and bulkers are asked to slow to 11 knots in the slowdown area. Aronson said when vessels slow down to a target speed, it can reduce underwater noise pollution by 45%.

Aronson said reducing noise pollution in the Sound is crucial to orca survival. Orcas use echolocation to locate their prey and communicate with each other.

“We call orcas 'acoustic specialists.' They live underwater, they can't see as far as we can see on land. Sound is a much more important sense for them," Aronson said. “It helps me to think about sound pollution, like a thick fog that might block the whale from seeing with its hearing senses.”

caption: SMRU science consultants and Gravity Marine staff assemble a hydrophone to monitor noise pollution during the Quiet Sound slowdown.
Enlarge Icon

Last year, Quiet Sound launched a trial of the slowdown. About 70% of vessels transiting through the slowdown area decreased their speed. This year 4% more boats dropped their speeds.

The slowdown period is slightly longer this year — Oct. 12, 2023, to Jan. 12, 2024. According to data from last year’s trial slowdown, underwater noise intensity was reduced by nearly half, about 3db.

Scientists plan to pull noise monitoring equipment out of Puget Sound in February to analyze this season’s data.

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Thursday, December 28, 2023

Of Sound Character (Friday Crossword, December 29) - WSJ - The Wall Street Journal

The answer to this week’s contest crossword is a five-letter word. Email your answer in the subject line to

crosswordcontest@wsj.com.

Download PDF.

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Drone infiltration sirens sound in communities close to Lebanon border - The Times of Israel

Suspected drone infiltration sirens sound in the Upper Galilee, near the Lebanon border.

The alerts are activated in the communities of  Iftah, Malkia, Hermon Regional Council, Ramot Naftali, and Dishon, among others.

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Readers sound off on the HOV lane, NYC churches and banning Jewish authors - New York Daily News

We’re watching an HOV lane change passing us by

Staten Island: I am ticked off. As always, I sit in traffic on my way to my appointment at the Brooklyn Veterans Affairs hospital. I stare at the clock on my dashboard — will I make my appointment? I look to my left and cars in the HOV lane zoom by, 95% of them with one passenger. Maybe they changed the rules, so I look for the sign. There it is — still says three or more, as I sit in traffic waiting for some miracle.

I have been fighting for years for veterans with disabilities to have access to the HOV lane. In 2020, such a proposal was introduced to amend the administrative code of New York City. The proposal was later transferred to the Department of Transportation. Then there was H.R. Bill 2475 introduced at the 117th Congress in 2021 by Rep. Nicole Malliotakis, the HOV Lanes for Heroes Act. It was followed by a new bill, H.R. 4923, also introduced by Malliotakis, on July 26, 2023. The second bill was referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. It seems there is a lot of passing the football with little gaining of yardage. I challenge our elected officials to advance the ball. I realize that this might not be a headliner, but to disabled veterans it would be a gift that would certainly lift a load of frustration off their shoulders.

Suddenly I come back to reality and glance at the never-ending one-passenger cars zooming by in the HOV lane. Oh, look, there’s a police car in the same lane, just following along. A fool am I for obeying the law. Frank A. Russo

New school system

Ridgewood, N.J.: If New York is to rebuild a strong middle class, it will have to develop more charter schools. This will not be easy given the power of the teachers’ union. Without more education options, the middle class will continue to erode. Ed Houlihan

Branch out

Woodside: I may have brought this up before, but why does the media in New York City, both print and broadcast, feel that when they cover the Christian high holy days (Christmas and Easter), they all have to flock to St. Patrick’s Cathedral as if it is the only church in all of New York City?  There are other churches they could be going to for Midnight Mass, ashes on Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday or Easter Sunday. It could be a big boost for these other churches and congregations that we should be aware of. Tom Rice

Dubious date

Queens Village: To Voicer Christopher Amato: Many Christians choose not to celebrate Christmas for various reasons, not the least of which is the fact that if you Google “was Jesus born on Dec. 25,” one of the first items that comes up says it is “a date first asserted by Pope Julius I in 350 AD although the claim is dubious or otherwise unfounded,” which is what I was taught at the Catholic high school I attended because of the voluminous evidence to support that statement. However, while no one should be called a Grinch because they believe differently, it really comes down to this: If that date is so sacred and correct as Amato says, why did Jesus or his faithful followers not observe it or at least instruct their followers to celebrate it in the first century? Were they the original Grinches? Tom Aydinian

Out-of-towners

Whiting, N.J.: I was reading my copy of the Philadelphia Inquirer — uh, I mean the Daily News — when I came across articles on Kwanzaa and holiday shopping featuring pictures of a woman in Philly celebrating the holiday, and a picture of Christmas Village in Philadelphia topping an article on the economy. C’mon, you guys! I know it’s a holiday week, but you couldn’t find photos of local folks celebrating and shopping? Bill McConnell

Uncelebrated relative

Bronx: Did you notice that there was no stocking hanging on the White House fireplace? Was it because President Biden long did not acknowledge his seventh grandchild, Navy? Mary Caggiano

Agreed

Chicago: Re “Blinken gets it exactly right” (editorial, Dec. 21): I offer kudos to the Editorial Board. Almost no one in the media makes the point that Secretary of State Antony Blinken makes — that Hamas has to take responsibility for everything. I am not defending Israel’s responses at all, but I am stating unequivocally that Hamas obviously doesn’t care one iota. Rather than surrender, they are allowing thousands of their Muslim brothers and sisters to die. It amazes me that they just don’t care. Sadly, the media seems to have no idea what the goals of Hamas are or how they totally justify whatever they do. A true thank you to the Editorial Board for printing this. Bruce Sutchar

Anti-Jewish

Darien, Conn.: In Florida, Gov. Ron DeSantis did a most dastardly thing a few days ago. His new list of books banned from libraries contains a host of renowned old and current Jewish authors. How dare this unqualified elected official do such a disgraceful thing? To think he’s running for president of the United States of America. DeSantis selecting Hebrew writers and subjects like the Holocaust makes me question the lack of resistance of the many Jewish citizens living in Florida. Dan Singer

Just plain wrong

Brooklyn: To Voicer Vanessa Enger: I know the story of Oprah’s name, it has no relevance. Regardless of what her name was supposed to be, her name is spelled O-P-R-A-H. The Daily News should not have “inadvertently” or otherwise misspelled one of the most well-known names in the entire world. The fact that it was done in huge, bold type makes it even worse. Theresa Williams

The world was watching

Brooklyn: The entire nation and the world saw Donald Trump clearly violate the Constitution’s 14th Amendment, Section 3, on Jan. 6, 2021. For more than three hours, Trump rejected all duty and all entreaties from family, friends, cabinet members and Congress members to call off his supporters, “giving aid and comfort to the enemies thereof” — and, more importantly, time. Further, he “engage[d] in insurrection and rebellion” when he tweeted that the vice president “didn’t have the courage to do what should have been done,” putting Mike Pence in mortal danger and adding fuel to the ongoing, repulsive bonfire of treasonous ignorance. There’s more, of course, but this Voicer hasn’t seen the light of decency on any of Trump’s speech or behavior that day, or any day since he lost the election. Along with the Colorado Supreme Court, I rest my case. Jeffrey Michael Bolden

Supreme power

Utica, N.Y.: Like we did at the end of the O.J. trial, Americans are holding our breath, waiting to see if the U.S. Supreme Court rules that Donald J. Trump had absolute immunity from prosecution for any actions he took while inhabiting the office of president. This seems to us like a “win-win” situation! If they vote no, Trump must go through the justice system, where the overwhelming volume of evidence is likely to convict him. If the court votes for presidential immunity, President Biden can immediately have Trump and his hench(wo)men arrested and imprisoned in the Arctic, maybe in cells right next to Alexei Navalny. After all, we can only have one absolutely immune president at a time. Ahh, karma! Jeff and Joan Ganeles

Can’t be trusted

North Bergen, N.J.: Speaker of the House Mike Johnson must be removed as speaker because he is a more immediate threat to our democracy than even Donald “Putin” Trump. As speaker, he’s next in line for the presidency after the vice president. Imagine if tragedy befalls both President Biden and Kamala Harris, whether by accident or assassination. Johnson becomes president. Sounds far-fetched? Judges now receive threats from MAGA loyalists disapproving of their handling of issues before the court. Could some MAGA fanatic, too impatient to wait for the election to run its course, decide to speed things up by taking out both Biden and Harris? Were that to happen before the election, Johnson would become president. Once in office, I doubt he would willingly step aside for Trump since he would be in the position of authority he’s desired. He could then be the authoritarian Christian president he dreams of. Irving A. Gelb

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Mystery of Exceptional Sound at Greece's Epidaurus Theater Solved - Greek Reporter

Theater Epidaurus sound
The Theater at Epidaurus. Credit: Hansueli Krapf /Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0

The ancient mystery of the great sound quality at the ancient Greek theater of Epidaurus has finally been solved, researchers posit in a recent study.

Scientists have been wondering about the high sound quality of Epidaurus’ theater for decades, developing certain theories along the way.

The ancient theater of Epidaurus was designed by Polykleitos in the 4th century BC. The original thirty-four rows were extended in Roman times by another twenty-one rows. It seats up to fourteen thousand people.

The theater is admired for its exceptional acoustics, which permit almost perfect intelligibility of un-amplified spoken words from the proscenium to all fourteen thousand spectators, regardless of their seating.

Some even claim that audiences are able to hear a pin drop or a match being struck from any seat in the house.

The theater, renowned for its extraordinary acoustics, is one of the best conserved of its kind in the world. It is still used for musical and poetical contests and theatrical performances.

Sound at the theater of Epidaurus improved by limestone

Over the years, several theories were developed in order to explain the phenomenon, both by academics and amateurs.

Some of these theories suggest that prevailing winds carried sounds, or that masks amplified voices.

Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have discovered that the limestone material of the seats provides a filtering effect, suppressing low frequencies of voices and thus minimizing background crowd noise.

Furthermore, the rows of limestone seats reflect high frequencies back towards the audience, enhancing the effect, noted Live Science.

“When I first tackled this problem, I thought that the effect of the splendid acoustics was due to surface waves climbing the theater with almost no damping,” said mechanical engineer Nico Declercq. “While the voices of the performers were being carried, I didn’t anticipate that the low frequencies of speech were also filtered out to some extent.”

It is astonishing, however, that the Greek builders of the theater probably did not understand the principles that led to the exceptional audibility of sound from the stage.

The Greeks’ misunderstanding about the role the limestone seats played in Epidaurus’ acoustics likely kept them from being able to duplicate the effect.

Later theaters included different bench and seat materials, including wood, which may have played a large role in the gradual abandonment of Epidaurus’ design over the years by the Greeks and Romans, Declercq said.

Others dispute the sound quality

The Guardian reports that research conducted by Constant Hak, the assistant professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and his team, suggests such assertions are little more than Greek myth.

In a series of conference papers, which also involved experiments at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus and the theatre of Argos, Hak and his colleagues describe how they tested the claims.

They used twenty microphones, placing each one at twelve different locations around the theater of Epidaurus together with two loudspeakers—one at the center of the “stage”—or orchestra—and one to the side.

Both speakers played with a slight delay between them a sound that swept from low to high frequency with the speakers in five different orientations. In total, they made approximately 2,400 recordings.

The team then used the data to calculate sound strength at different points in the theater.
They then made a series of laboratory recordings of sounds, including a coin being dropped, paper tearing, and a person whispering, and played them to participants, who adjusted the loudness of the sounds until they could hear them over background noise.

The results were then fed into the team’s calculations to reveal how far from the orchestra the different sounds would be heard.

While the sound of a coin being dropped or paper being torn would be noticeable across the whole theater, it could only be recognised as a coin or as paper halfway up the seating.

For a match striking, the situation was worse, while a whisper would only be intelligible to those in the front seats.

Further work, based on the loudspeakers playing voices, revealed that only when actors spoke out loudly would their words be intelligible in the seats furthest from the orchestra.

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